China’s own international actions often are the source of alarm as well. Significant normative differences between the two countries, particularly with respect to human rights and the conduct of international trade, lead to irritants, tension, miscommunication, and differing expectations, both between. Justin Trudeau’s Liberal government wants to reinvigorate and deepen the Canada-China relationship, which is complex, difficult, and fraught with political tensions. Based on an analysis of the conventional texts and the relevant jurisprudence, it investigates whether there is a fragmentation with respect to the freedom of association specific to political parties and what it means for the claim on the universality of human rights. It further examines how the freedom of association of political parties is interpreted by three international institutions of human rights protection. ![]() article starts with analysing the conventional texts regulating the content of the freedom of association and possible limitations states may impose on the exercise of this freedom. ![]() It investigates how this right is being interpreted and applied in three selected jurisdictions – the UN Human Rights Committee, the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The article is a part of a Special Issue on institutional fragmentation in international human rights law and it focuses on freedom of association as related to political parties.
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